QS-21, an immunostimulatory saponin, is a powerful vaccine adjuvant that stimulates both Th2 humoral and Th1 cell-mediated immune responses by interacting with antigen presenting cells (APCs) and T cells.

Butein, a plant polyphenol, is isolated from Rhus verniciflua. It can inhibit the activation of protein tyrosine kinase, NF-κB and STAT3, and also can inhibit EGFR.

Memantine, an amantadine derivative with some dopaminergic effects, has been proposed as an antiparkinson agent and has may be used to treat moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. It acts on the glutamatergic system by blocking NMDA receptors.